History, Literature, Anthropology: Contextualizing Human Meaning :: Essays Papers

History, Literature, Anthropology Contextualizing Human Meaning As culture is the product of human thought (217), Cohn advocates seeing how meanings are contextualized to expose interpret history and produce good scholarship (221). In keeping with this awareness of human thought, Anderson contextualizes the heathen roots of nationalism by means of the evolution of other(a) American literature and print-language (7), relying heavily on the historical development of European literacy in developing a national imagination. In doing so, Andersons analysis of nationalism reflects Cohns maxim, that anthropology can became sic more anthropological in becoming more historical (216). Through Andersons contextualizing of nationalism through historical literary trends, his anthropological scholarship is, by Cohns estimation, more true unto itself. Unearthing origins of national consciousness, Anderson examines the development of national memory through literacy and vernacularisms. Believing nationalism to be a heathen construct of political revolutions, merging social ideologies and a new emphasis on national print-languages (Anderson 46), Anderson declares that men challenged the sacredness of existing societies with new conceptions of land and nation through the circulation and spread of shared languages (Anderson 36). Driving a wedge between cosmology and history through Enlightenment discoveries, divinely ordained realities lost clout and cultural artefacts of the eighteenth century like individual human rights and personal sovereignty, translated from old world to new (Anderson 36). With new languages-of-power in fixating systems of speech, nations built self-identity, and men began to see themselves in profoundly new ways (Anderson 36). Cohn reasserts history and anthropology as dovetailing disciplines, whose scholarship exists outside of this time and yet rooted in common reality. Floating in complex quantity lands of epistemology and printed research, good sc holarship relies on a historian with fewer sources and stouter boots (Tawney, qted in Cohn, 221). Historians intrinsically

T.S. Eliots The Waste Land and the Modernist Movement Essay examples -

Sight. It is the simple, yet extremely intricate skill performed by humans everyday. The uniqueness of an eye can be described as different combinations of change that draw people in for deep conversations and contact with one another. As light shines its beams onto an eye, different colors sparkle, making beautiful shades shine through. Brown, green, unconsecrated and hazel are merely a few of the colors that can make up ones eye. Without eyes, human beings would not be equal to(p) to visualize the wonderful aspects of nature. Eyes also produce tears of joy and sorrow in response to emotions. The precise observation of this human organ is an precedent of what a Modernist writer may have expressed in their work. Modernists were a group of people involved in the Modernist/Imagist literary movement throughout europium and America. They were defined by their detailed description of images in hopes of sharing thoughts to the reader. Influenced by World War I, this literary m ovement focused on the importance of the uncouth man and some authors described the deep wounds in which were left following the traumatic war. In his poem, The Waste Land, T.S. Eliot reflects the principles of the Modernist Movement through his precise descriptions and use of images to emphasise the realities of current life.To begin, the Modernist Literary Movement (also known as the Imagist Movement) swept across Europe and America in hopes of discovering a new writing style for horse opera culture. Beginning in the 1890s and lasting until about 1945, this movement incorporated a variety of new and old ideas such as surrealism, symbolism, imagism, and more ( modernism par. 1-3). Despite its many aspects, however, the main goal of this movement was to reject old customs... ... T.S. Eliot. DIScovering Authors. Detroit Gale 2003. Student Resources in Context. Web. 13 November 2015.Imagism. Gale Student Resources in Context. Detroit Gale, 2012. Student Resources in Context. Web. 8 November 2015.Imagist Movement. Questia.com. Questia. Web. 9 November 2015.Matterson, Stephen. 1890-1840s Modernism. PBS. PBS, Mar. 2007. Web. 9 November 2015.Modernism. Faculty.unlv.edu. Unlv.edu. Web. 9 November 2015. Shelby, Nick. T.S. Eliot The Waste Land. New York Columbia UP, 2001. Print.Thomas Stearns Eliot. Encyclopedia of World Biography. 2004. Encylopedia.com. 13 November 2015.T.S. Eliot (Anglo-American Poet). Encyclopedia Britannica Online. Encyclopedia Britannica. Web. 13 November 2015.Vendler, Helen. T.S. Eliot. (Cover Story). Time 151.22 (1998) 111. MAS Ultra- work Edition. Web. 13 November 2015.

The Cons of Factory Farming :: Factory Farming

What if you were born to die and live a miserable, torturous invigoration in between? This is everyday life for animals on factory farms. Factory Farming is a system of rearing livestock using intensive methods, by which poultry, pigs or cattle atomic number 18 hold indoors under strictly controlled conditions. add in citation for definition Factory farming isnt only inhumane, but its also hurting our health, and we dont even have the slightest clue. With our culture today, we believe whatever the media tells us we trust them. Each and every year, the m take in industries put mounds of money into advertising, brainwashing us and coitus us what food we should eat. They run their advertisements on the television, radio, and Internet ads, and have even partnered with schools in exchange for free educational resources. We like to imagine that the meat we argon eating was once free, happy, and had a fast death. But that is a lie. If we dont do anything, who will? Did you know that more than 19 million animals are killed every hour? That means 19,011 animals are killed per minute (2013d). Animals in factory farms are born, raised, and slaughtered in confined buildings. They are never allowed out to run, to enjoy life. They are born to be killed and tortured in-between. This isnt just about one farm animal, but a variety of them. +++ Last sentence is unnecessary, include in other sentences to tie in what different animals AND how its effecting humans. ++THESIS STATEMENT. Chickens are one of the top well-nigh tortured animals in factory farms. Farmers get the most money for birdens that are heavier and have enlarged thighs and breasts. Like most factory farmed animals, broiler chickens are raised in overcrowded cages their entire life, and become very aggressive. Because of this aggressiveness the employees of the farms have intercourse of their beaks and toes without any type of painkiller or an anesthetic just to keep them from fighting. After being debea ked some chickens are then not able to eat and starve. Layer chickens lay 90-95% of the eggs sold in the U.S. (2013b) The torture starts the day they are born. Chicks are placed on a belt, where an employee than picks up each chick to see if it is a male or female. Newborn male chicks are thrown into trash bags, ground up alive, crushed, and killed many other inhumane ways.

Insider Trading , Jeffery Archer :: essays research papers

Insider Trading ArticleQ1. What is Jeffery Archer impeach of? Jeffery Archer is accused of insider art with the sh ares of Anglia TV. Jeffery bought shares for the inside information of the companies dealing account, the day after the last board meeting but before the bid was announced. He should have cognise that even if he found out insider information from his wife the law makes it clear that he cannot deal or trade with that stock. It would be considered unfair to the reliever of the shareholders, because other shareholders would not have the same information like Jeffery. As we know the buying and selling of shares must be based on familiar information Q2. Who is Mary Archer and which insider trading rule, may she have violated? Mary Archer is the wife of Jeffery Archer, and also she is a director for Anglia TV Company. The insider trading rule that Mary may have violated is that if she did tell her husband about the insider information from board meetings, she should bewa re that directors close relatives are not allowed to deal ahead of takeover bids. Also questions arise in the article, that as it is accepted that Mary did not tell her husband about the bid, how oft information has found out without her knowledge. If she did share information with her husband than she violate the rule of insider trading which states thatInsider shouldnt communicate private information to others who are probable to use it. Q3. Who is Brooke Saib and which insider trading rule has he violated? Brook Saib was the aide of Jeffery Archer. The article shows that he has access to elements and invests a lot. What happened was that Jeffery bought shares through a different broker than the usual, with the name of Brook Saib and the profits transferred to Saibs account. The odd thing is that also a profit of 80,000 pounds has left Saibs account. And over that, he said that hardihood not say where the money is.

Gender Equity Essay -- essays papers

Gender EquityFrom the day that individuals are born stereotypes of males and females are impressed upon them. Most people believe that males are supposed to be competitive, rapacious and logical thinkers among other masculine traits. Females on the other hand should be sociable, passive and emotional thinkers. People every last(predicate) over the world accept all of these stereotypes of females and males. These stereotypes also carry over into the way teachers conduct their classrooms. In education both genders have advantages and disadvantages in different areas.Most people believe that boys find much attention then girls. Male students seem to talk more then females during class. They also tend to call out answers and therefore are assumption more attention in one perspective. Teachers also do not correct girls as frequently because teachers think that it will hurt girls feelings. When teachers give boys more constructive criticism this stimulates more intellectual growth, (K leinfield and Yerian, 1995). Female students favor to collaborate during conversations and like to build on others ideas. Females always seem to lock away behind boys in two school subjects, math and science. For some reason our society have greatly stereotyped women as being inadequate and unequal to(p) of possessing these skills. Girls do not become independent problem solvers and do not do thoroughly in high-level cognitive tasks. In result girls organise a bad attitude towards math and science and think of it as a male domain (Silvey and Smart, 1982). Teachers also can contribute to this loss of have-to doe with in these subjects. Sometimes teachers tend to assist girls with difficult problems to avoid feelings of disappointment. Teachers also seem to call on boys to answer more cha... ...ereotypes about boys and girls, such as mathematics being a male domain. Students should realize that no mater what sex they are anything is possible if they set their mind to it. If stud ents believe these stereotypes and yet they do not fit into that particular mold they might try to hide their strengths of weaknesses. Sometimes students can use these stereotypes as an excuse not to do well in a particular subject or area.BibliographyBarrs, Myra, and Sue Pidgeon. Reading the Difference. Maine Stenhouse, 1994.Coleman, James S. Equality and Achievement in Education. San FranciscoWestview, 1990.Klienfield, Judith S., and Suzanne Yerian. Gender Tales. brisk York St. Martins, 1995.Shapiro, June, et al. Equal Their Chances. New Jersey Prentice-Hall, 1981.Silvey, Linda, and James R. Smart. Mathematics for the Middle Grades. Virginia Reston, 1982

Steam Turbines :: essays research papers

travel TurbinesThe invention of the water turbine was so successful that eventually,the idea came intimately for extracting power from steam. Steam has one greatadvantage over water-it expands in volume with tremendous velocity. To be themost effective, a steam turbine must run at a very high speed. No wheel made crapper revolve at any speed approaching the velocity that a steam turbine can. Byutilizing the kinetic energy of steam flow, the turbine could achieve a higherefficiency. As a result, the steam turbine has supplanted the reciprocatingengine as a skin rash mover in large electricity-generating plants and is also usedas a means of jet propulsion.The action of the steam turbine is based on the thermodynamic article of faiththat when a vapor is allowed to expand, its temperature drops. In turn, itsinternal energy is decreased. This reduction in internal energy is transformedinto mechanical energy in the form of an acceleration of the particles of vapor.The transformation that occurs, provides a large total of available work energy.The essential parts of all steam turbines consist of nozzles or jetsthrough which the steam can flow and expand. Thus, the temperature drops, andkinetic energy is gained. In addition, there be blades, on which high pressuresteam is exerted. Stationary blades shift the steam onto rotating blades, whichprovide power. Also, turbines are equipped with wheels or drums where theblades are mounted. A shaft for these wheels or drums is also a basic component,as well as an outer casing that restrain the steam to the area of the turbineproper. In order to efficiently use this contraption, it is necessary to have anumber of stages. In each of these stages, a small amount of thermal energy isconverted to kinetic energy. If the entire conversion of energy took place atonce, the rotative speed of the turbine wheel would be way too excessive.Steam turbines are really quite simple machines, that have only onemajor moving part, the rot or. However, auxiliary equipment is necessary fortheir operation. Journal bearings support the shaft, and an oil remains provideslubrication to these bearings. A special seal system prevents steam from

Important People of History Essay

Ancient Greece was known for many things, including great thinkers and philosophers. Many names get it on to mind from this period, including that of Socrates. Certainly, none are so colorful. He wrote nothing, but his impact was unmatched by others. His ideas were revolutionary, and caused enough controversy that he was fin on the wholey identify on trial in Athens, guaranteeing that his mark on narration would be indelible. Socrates was born in 469 B. C. E. to Sophroniscus and Phaenarete. Little is known about him beyond what others wrote, since he resisted any urges to put words on paper.What is known about him comes from Aristophanes, Xenophon, and Plato, all of whom wrote about him. However, their narratives differ in some crucial ways, and so there are some things that will never be known about the confusing philosopher. Socrates was a firm believer in the power of the intellect. He insisted that a man must order his look by the guidance of his own intellect, accept that it was this above all that must be cultivated. He never hesitated in saying what he believed, and this tendency made him unpopular in many circles.However, he did not allow this to deter him from expressing these beliefs. Knowledge and truth were paramount to him, and he would not sacrifice these virtues for anything. When he was eighteen, Socrates was required to do the duty of every citizen, and this include training in the Athenian militia. He served the years that were expected of him, engaging in battle in 432 as a foot soldier to befriend put down a revolt. On the way home from the siege that followed, Socrates saved the life of Alcibiades during a subsequent battle near Spartolus, losing the battle.They returned to Athens in 429, where he was accused of helping the playwright Euripides to write his tragedies. Important People of History Page 2 of 5 Socrates next saw battle at Delium in 424. The Athenians saw defeat yet again, although Socrates distinguished himself one time more. In another year, he was yet again immersed in battle, this time at Amphipolis. This end in another defeat, and was also the last battle that Socrates fought. Peace was made between Athens and Sparta, and this is when Socrates could begin to concentrate in earnest on debates and discussions to spell on his ideas and beliefs.Education, democracy, and Mystery religion were key themes in this. During this time, Socrates married Xanthippe, and they would down two sons. Socrates possibly became best known for the Socratic Method. This method was meant to help intellectuals come to correct results, and it made definition the most essential point of this. In a desire to find the truth, Socrates believed that one must require a commonplace of truth and an explanation of the causes of error. The comparison of two ideas is necessary in making a judgment, and those ideas must be clear and not vague.This method lasted throughout the centuries, and is put away practiced today. Socra tes is also known as the founder of utilitarianism. Ethics and the process of applying his methods to them was a key interest of his, and this study led to utilitarian ideas. With this, he came to the conclusion that good is useful and virtue is happiness. This formed the core of his paradox, which is that men do not willingly commit wrongs, and that this is done only through ignorance. While Socrates wrote nothing, he spent a great deal of his life conversing with others.This was a major part of his Socratic method. He never attempted to teach, for he believed that he had no knowledge. He professed that he was only exceptional in the fact Important People of History Page 3 of 5 that he knew that he knew nothing. It was a goal of his to prove that popular ideas were inconsistent, and he wished to convince all to whom he spoke that their convictions could not stand up under examination. Socrates was well known for frequenting places such as marketplaces, where he would engage peopl e in conversation.He enjoyed doing this with people of all ranks and stations, often putting off important people and gaining their animosity. His manner and lack of deference gained him many enemies many resenting what they felt were his ridicule. There was nothing that Socrates felt was too sacred to question and criticize, and this included both religion and government. He was perhaps more agnostic than anything, and he had no compunctions about questioning and criticizing the gods. This added to feelings of animosity against him, as did the fact that he was also quite vocal against the ruling powers.It was this that was to guide to his arrest and subsequent trial, which is perhaps the pinnacle of his career. Socrates was arrested when he was seventy on charges that he does not believe in the gods recognized by the city, but introduces unusual supernatural beings he is also guilty, because he corrupts the youth. The political reasons were kept quiet, instead focusing on impie ty, and the sentence proposed was that of death, although those who accused him had no real desire to put him to death, only to force him to leave and no longer be a thorn in their sides.However, Socrates refused to leave, instead remaining behind to face the charges against him. A life away from his interactions with the Athenians would not have suited him, and so he remained. Important People of History Page 4 of 5 Socrates faced a instrument panel of 501 men. This dialog box, as all Athenian juries, would vote twice. Their first vote was on guilt or innocence, and their second vote was for the sentence. While Socrates expected that he would be convicted, he expressed surprise at how closely the jury was split on the first and basic question. It was a difference of six percent that would have turned the tide, acquitting him. Socrates had the chance to avoid a sentence of death once the verdict came in. It was a practice of the Athenian law system to allow the defendant to put f orth another punishment, and the jury would choose between the two. However, the punishment that Socrates suggested was merely a small fine, which was so minuscule a punishment that the jury had little choice but to condemn him to death. It was not for thirty days after his trial that Socrates would meet his end.During that time, his friend Crito appealed to him to escape, but Socrates believed that the harm that would come from that would be a greater harm to the city than to allow himself to follow through with the sentence, and that it would have brought shame on his family and friends. Socrates did not seem to fear his death. In fact, on the day upon which he was scheduled to die, he seemed quite happy and pleasant. Death was perhaps another opportunity for him to learn and experience. He was also not completely when the end came, as his wife and younger son, as well as friends, were present.He spent his last day doing what he loved best, discussing philosophy and once more pa ssing on his wisdom. Xanthippe was taken home before his actual death took place, leaving him with his Important People of History Page 5 of 5 friends and advising them to agree if they believed what he said was truth, and to oppose it if they did not, refusing to restrain themselves. To the end, he was determined to hold onto his ideals and beliefs, and insisted on others doing so as well. After bathing and then meet with his family once more, he met with his executioners. He was given a glass of hemlock after having its effects explained to him.After this formality, he cheerfully took the cup and drank. Thus cease the life of one of the most profound leaders of philosophy. Socrates, through all of his life, lived up to the ideals and beliefs that he taught. He never compromised these, even up to the day that he died. To him, the importance of remaining true to himself and his teachings was paramount, and to do otherwise would be an injustice. He did not simply talk and hope tha t others learned from him he lived by pillow slip and died by the same. His legacy proved to be quite enduring, and is still a cornerstone of philosophy to this day.His students, such as Plato, helped to preserve this and pass it on. Without Plato and others, little would be known today of Socrates. The impression he made was a lasting one, and a good example even today, encouraging people not to be afraid to question and discuss, because without these things, learning cannot be successful.Works Cited Bury, J. B. and Russell Meiggs. A History of Greece. London Macmillan Education LTD, 1975. Nails, Debra. Socrates. Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. 16 Sept. 2005. . Stone, I. F. The Trial of Socrates. New York Doubleday, 1989.

Advertising and Sales Promotions In The Internet Essay

market has been one of the most signifi evoket gainers from the meshing revolution. Internet has been applied by marketers two as a medium as healthy as a product. Marketing has deployed it for communication of breeding, scattering of some of its products and for receiving payments from the customers. Internet based merchandise plays a vital role in the exchange process.Internet marketing term became popular when computers started getting used in marketing extensively. Earlier, computers were used more for storing, processing and reporting of various marketing think information. But, with the instauration of Internet the online info handling possibilities have virtu aloney exploded the use of computer. This application has multiplied the use of computers faster among communities.Internet marketing profitably reinforces the concepts of marketing with the power of internet. It strengthens the existing delivery of marketing outputs and in any case opens newer avenues of mar keting which were not possible to achieve before the arrival of internet. A marketer today gutter keep track of millions of customers simultaneously, segment them online, offer customized products to individual customers, fix different prices, provide varying contents and styles of information and deliver the products through appropriate modes of distribution to each of these customers.The details of such transactions and the characteristics of each of these customers can be stored for their participating utilization in future marketing opportunities with the customers. Estee Lauders anti ageing product Advanced Night Repair Concentrate is able to make inroads in the customers mind. Internet will function as the medium for promoting the product. denote and Sales Promotions Like products and prices, customization of advertising and promotion are very much possible in internet marketing. Besides customization, the customer is contacted when he is giving, full management to the com puter screen. In fact, when a customer views any site he has done so after deliberate and conscious effort and choice. This increases his commitment to the pass on that he is viewing on the internet. Advertising generates a hierarchy of impacts like creation of awareness, entertain, desire and action on the consumer.Different media are found to be break away suited for certain kinds of impacts out of this hierarchy. Internet has been found to be amenable to finer tuning for most of these impacts. As a result, it is possible to better transport the customer from one level of impact to the next higher one and do so more quickly. The combination of this factor with the feature of individualism makes the output very powerful one. Besides this, the measurement of each of these impacts are also possible more easily and online.The promotions on internet can also be customized in a similar way.The internet marketing model suggests that commerce follows content and community. Since the i nternet phenomenon has occurred like an explosion there had been quite a rush to build up communities in the competitive environment. In this rush, many of the marketers tried to buy prospective customers into their communities net by offering a mixing of incentives. This has caused internet marketing effort to be seen as overloaded with freebies in the form of consumer promotions.Personal Selling The gain of mass personal selling is do possible through internet for both customers and the marketers. Anti aging is a consumer product so Estee Lauders can get the maximum benefit by acute in this stream. The customers can identify the optimum provider for his unique sets of needs. Customer can also dictate for updating himself in the precise area of his interest although from the most extensive sources of information possible.The marketer can also store the historical data of individual persons and their behavior. These data can be then affect with the help of data mining and mark eting decision tools. These data are utilized to provide solutions to the customers needs on an online and individual basis. The product can be configured exacting to the individual customers needs at the price and with a payment implement most convenient to him.The information and the coaxing appeals can also be tailor made for the individual customer. He can be reminded or provided with special services as per his specific requests and all these information can be utilized in the design of next round of offering to him. This kind of individual personal service when offered on continual basis becomes service to the customer of significant commercial value.Publicity Internet marketing has the capability of viewing existing customers through a wide vicissitude of angles and compares the efficacy of each of these views. Various data mining tools available today are employed to do this job. They mainly utilize the processes of sorting, clustering and association pursuit among the consumer characteristics. The history of the customer behavior in terms of past transactions and internet viewing generate rich data for this purpose of publicity automatically. much(prenominal) data are often supplemented with the offline data collected through alternative sources.The customer segments created with such methodologies can have the advantage of being more dynamic because they can be created through online databases, more insightful because of the use of more powerful clustering and association seeking techniques and customers themselves selecting into a segment of mass market.On the other hand, the customers become empowered to scan much larger canvas of market and bargain for their purchasing power with a larger base of marketers. The customers can also create a large pool of knowledge by online sharing knowledge of their experience based knowledge among their peer customers. The interactivities gained by both marketers and customers have .the potential of unleas hing very high levels of energy in the marketplace restricted only by the creative limits of the market players.Public Relation The advantage of mass customization is made possible through Internet for both customers and the marketers. The customers can identify the optimum provider for his unique sets of needs. Customer can also arrange for updating himself in the precise area of his interest although from the most extensive sources of information possible.The marketer can also store the historical data of customers and their behavior. These data can be then processed with the help of data mining and marketing decision tools. These data are utilized to provide solutions to the customers needs on an online and individual basis. The product can be configured exacting to the individual customers needs at the price and with a payment mechanism most convenient to him.The information and the persuasive appeals can also be tailor made for the individual customer. He can be reminded or pro vided with additional services as per his specific requests and all these information can be utilized in the design of next round of offering to him. This kind of customization when offered on continuous basis becomes service to the customer of significant commercial value.Placement Of Product Internet marketing is seen as attacking on the length of the distribution chain particularly the information flow related ones, much more efficiently and instantaneously. As a result it is often possible to reorganize the distribution chain at the cost of its length. The span of control can also increase considerably as many of the control related processes can be transferred to the computer. The saving in costs due to these effects is often considered as the most important contributions of internet marketing.The increased availableness of distribution related information also causes information overload to the consumers. A new category of channel members, called infomediaries, have also emerg ed. These infomediaries primarily consolidate the relevant information about the availability of the products and pass them on to the consumers after suitably repackaging them. Besides pure infomediaries, the existing distributors do also rebundle their services after integrating the online and offline elements of their services.Internet also enables online distribution of digitized products. This helps in extending pinpointed reach to a large number of customers, eliminating the lead time between ordering and delivery, reducing the inventory requirements and smooth organization of transaction related data processing.ConclusionIn the era of globalization, with marked technological strides has revolutionized the exchange process of buying and selling of products on the Internet. Internet marketing is a cosmopolitan phenomenon. Internet marketing has made inroads as the emerging mode of buying and selling of products to specific target groups with fast changing needs, preferences and life styles. Estee Lauders has the huge potential of promoting the anti aging product through internet.References Philip Kotler (2002) Marketing Management , Prentice Hall New YorkCharles F.,(2002) Internet Marketing, Wiley PublicationFlippo Edwin B., (2001) Marketing Channels, McGraw-Hill.J Taylor Sims, J. Robert Foster, Arch G. Woodside.(1998) Marketing Channels Systems and Strategies Harper and Row New York

The Ira

The Irish Republican Army or individual retirement account is Northern Irelands most notorious terrorist organization. Like many other groups, the angriness is a unpeaceful nationalist group with Marxist tendencies. They use violent attacks such as washoutings, assassinations, kidnappings, extortion, and robberies that they used . to send their message. The ultimate goal of the IRA is to use militant behavior to make British rule in Northern Ireland obsolete, thus allow Northern Ireland become an independent republic, instead of deuce separate countries with different governments.The IRA was founded in 1919 as a successor to the Irish Volunteers, a militant nationalist organization that was founded in 1913. One of the aliass for the group is Direct Action Against Drugs, or DADD. The IRA operates independently of any political visualize or party, and in some periods actually took the upper hand in the independence movement. (Britannica) Unlike some terrorist groups, the IRA does not carry out attacks on countries that ar not in close vicinity of Northern Ireland. The majority of their operations are based out if enceinte Britain, and Ireland.Some of their most favored targets were elderberry bush British Government officials, British military and police in Northern Ireland, and Northern Irish Loyalist paramilitary groups. By attacking these individuals they hoped to demoralize Great Britain to the point of turning Ireland over to the people. The IRA did not want to overthrow the government and run it themselves, they simply wanted to see a change in the government so that it would benefit the people of Northern Ireland. The IRA is organized into small, tightly knit cells under the leadership of the Army Council.While they only have a few hundred members, they have thousands of sympathizers who contribute by donating m onenessy, supplies, shelter, and even weapons. The IRA Is suspected of receiving funds, coat of arms, and other terrorist-re advancedd ma teriel from sympathizers in the United States. (Britannica) the IRA also true a large amount of support at one point from the PLO, a freedom fighter group from Libya. Not only do they know aid from other terrorist groups with similar agendas, but in 2002 three suspected IRA members were arrested in Colombia on charges of assisting the FARC to improve its explosives capabilities.The IRA was in their prime during the late 1950s and 1960s, though they did take a big part in the Irish Civil war of 1922. As a result of this war, the IRA became to a greater extent closely related to Sinn Fein, which is the Irish Nationalist party. In December 1969, the IRA divided into authorized and Provisional wings. Although both factions were committed to a united socialistic Irish republic, the Officials preferred parliamentary tactics and eschewed violence after 1972, whereas the Provisionals, or Provos, believed that violence particularly terrorismwas a necessary part of the struggle to unloo sen Ireland of the British. (Global Security) This was a result of a Sinn Fein conference that had taken place in August.After 1970, the IRA was slowly slipping into the darkness, as they had stopped attacking as much, and was not as big of a concern anymore. Because of Bloody Sunday, when thirteen innocent Catholic protestors were killed by British soldiers, the IRA gained support from the Catholic Church, which gave them their personality back for a while. Eventually though, they were back where they had left off before Bloody Sunday. The IRA reorganized in 1977 into detached cells to protect against infiltration and their arms dealing was back in full force. It was said that in the late 1990s that the IRA had enough weapons in its arsenal to continue its campaign for at least another decade. (Britannica) For a long time the IRA tried to use peaceful methods to gain equal treatment for the Catholic minority in the Protestant Northern Ireland. But they were were met with resistanc e. The Protestants and the British government met the peaceful attempts of the IRA with violence i. e. Bloody Sunday.The IRA had no other choice but to utilize violent methods to gain equality and civil rights for the Catholic Minority in Ulster. The IRA began implementing methods such as Bombings, sniper attacks, and assassinations on British citizens. (www. CFR. org) The afore mentioned Sinn Fein, which means We Ourselves first emerged in the earliest 1900s. It is the oldest political party in Irelands history. It was a federation of nationalist clubs and eventually, all nationalists to the left of the Irish Parliamentary Party at Westminster came to be popularly known as Sinn Feiners. (SinnFein. org) The party, like the IRA, was based on the demand for an Irish Republic. It won the 1918 election by a landslide and set up Dail Eireann which is translated to Assembly of Ireland. Following three years of war, led by an underground republican government, the party develop in 1922 on the issue of the Treaty which partitioned Ireland into two separate provinces. The leader of Sinn Fein left the party in 1926, causing the party to lose a lot of credibility.However, its fortunes recovered and flourished in the late 1950s and early 1960s with its new association to the IRA and their border campaign. During this time the group experienced a substantial amount of electoral success. In present day, Sinn Fein is split into two parties, Sinn Fein and Republican Sinn Fein. The Provisional Irish Republican Army (PIRA) was formed in 1969 as the covert armed wing of Sinn Fein. The members of this group, called, Provos were formed from the Official Sinn Fein and the Official IRA.The Provisional IRA was the largest of the three republican armed resistance groups (Sinn Fein, IRA and PIRA). The policies of Sinn Fein under the new leadership of Gerry Adams led to a split in the Provisional Irish Republican Army in 1997. One side accepted the new Good Friday Agreement and the New or Real IRA continuing armed resistance against the British. The PIRA has at this point accepted the ceasefire and is still most commonly confused with the real IRA because of their similar connections and name.The IRA and PIRA are not totally different groups, but they are actually two groups that used to function as one. It is my opinion that the split of the IRA into two factions is one of the major reasons why their goal was never accomplished. The army was in need of a way to make money and fundraise to support their cause. They became adept at raising money in Northern Ireland through extortion, racketeering, and other illegal activities and they policed their own neighborhoods through mock trials and beatings.As a result of this Mafia like enforcement, Sinn Fein began to play a more prominent role in trying to end the arms problem that the IRA was causing. Sinn Fein leaders Gerry Adams and Martin McGuiness, together with John Hume, head of the cordial Democratic and Labo ur Party (SDLP), sought ways to end the armed struggle and bring republicans into democratic politics. They were successful in doing so, and in 1994 the IRA declared a cease fire with Britain so that Sinn Fein was able to legally engage in politics with the Irish Parliament.This ceasefire was shortly ended in 1996 when a bomb that was suspected to be from the IRA killed two civilians. However it was reinstated the following year, returning things back to being civilized between the IRA and Great Britain. Technically the IRA is still a functioning terrorist group, but due to the ceasefire they have been dormant since around 2002 when the final ceasefire was laid out and agreed upon. The IRA has a very important place in Irish history, as well as the history of terrorism because of their prominence in the 1950s and 1960s.

My inspiration to go into medicine

People never want to become doctors. They strive towards the goal of being one. Perhaps the cultivate of healing awakens a hidden potential for answering the mysteries of life or provides some form of protection for the pilgrim that had himself couthed into the sheath of white either way the attractions of medicament are undeniably numerous. What, then, of reputation or the great self-devouring love for humanity? What of saving others and finding significance in ones possess macrocosm? All superficialAs undergraduates, we are driven by absolute inquiries into the depths of knowledge to recover fragments of our lives. Where do we fit into the puzzle of life? Thats the question. I have an image to maintain in front of others and in front of myself. My father is a renowned pediatrician back home in invigorated Zealand. I used to stalk him to his workplace and follow him around all by dint of the singular years of my childhood. Not that I especially liked staying in the hospital or anything. As a matter of fact, I despised hospitals.The scent of sterility, driven by the notion of vacuumed air straight from the void the attenuate color of those walls dressed to match in uncunning fashion and the ethereal atmosphere of the admission halls grazing through the clarity of perception as if to enforce its own presence. Ugh But to weigh out all of these, I had a doctors magic (I mean this in a strictly in a figurative sense for no matter how much of a rogue that institution turned to the normal rules of a civilized, everyday society, it had no magic there. for certain not my father. He was a serious character, always in motion, wearing a frown and a deliberate mask of indifference. He wasnt particularly liked by the nurses or popular among the patients, either. But he did have remarkable powers for comforting people.Whether cheeky brats, angry rebels or crybabies my father ticketed them all through the examination roll until they were shipped back to their quarters. His executions were perfect and timely, as he never ran out of tricks to pull from the pockets of his lab coat. The essential part of the battle is to win them over, he always used to say, So, yes, I have an image to maintain. An infolding of personality I wish to develop into the outside world. Like a newborn, it chides and kicks to be allow out, and though I realize fatherly affection is still beyond me in this immature state, I want to bring this child to the world. I call back becoming a doctor is the only answer to this immortal call, and for this reason I hope to study medicine in university.Tracing the steps I used to take in the hospital dorms, more vivid impressions surface to my mind. I remember the time when, lost in between the labyrinth of curves and swings in the hospital, I perceived the shadow of my fathers coat- just a sliver of its sheath, impressing me with such overpowering impulses. I didnt doubt it for a moment. I followed that formless ghost until its shea th materialized in my slight grasp. Unable to control myself, I sobbed and cried painfully shamelessly until I was completely relieved.I remember trash by my fathers side against no worthier adversary than himself latching myself unto him to keep him from leaving. The staff had to tear me apart from him. At that moment, I had a premonition that I might never see my father again. I cried for him to come back, but he disappeared into the bright light beyond the admittance at the end of the hallway. The door at the end of the hallway was big, scary its windows were blurred and the stripes that clambered over its bulk seemed to have forsaken all hope of stretching back to its point of origin.It in reality was a magnificent light and my father approached it with such a look of importance as Ill never forget. It was priceless The melodramatic setting the overdramatized characters and my convey stupidity I still have long ways to go, this memory always reminds me. This child has someth ing to share with you all. If Im given a chance, Im sure the prayer will be fulfilled. Teach me the secret beyond that light. Help me cross that door I darent cross as a fledgling. Show me I can be better.

Modest Mussorgsky and His Sunless Song Cycle

Modest Mussorgsky and his blurred Song Cycle Modest Petrovich Mussorgsky was whiz of the biggest innovators in Russian music during the Romantic Period. Constantly striving to achieve a distinctive Russian melodious identity, he never at once hesitated to defy the orthodox qualities and trends of western music. Born March 21, 1839, into a wealthy family living in Karevo, Russia, it was not long before Mussorgsky discovered his dear for music. He began playing piano at the age of 6 and showed promising development. However, he was obliged to affiance on the family tradition of serving in the military, and was sent to cadet school when he was 13.After 4 years, he successfully graduated and was sent to serve at a military hospital in Saint Peterburg. Here, he became close with several other representrs including Mily Balakirev, who heavily influenced Mussorgsky to learn more about music. The two charmed in concert over the next few years developing his musical intelligence. After only several months, in 1858, Mussorgsky suffered from an emotional crisis, forcing him to resign from his commission, and devote his time solely to music composition. He began to develop as a composer but was unfortunately preoccupied as his familys fortune began to dwindle.He was lodged to accept a low civil service position in order to help manage his familys estate. In 1863, Mussorgsky returned to Saint Petersburg and began composing his first opera. During this time, he was exposed to a heavily creative and intellectual atmosphere where a manakin of artistic and scientific ideas were brought to his attention. He soon came to embrace the ideal known as musical realism. With this mind set, Mussorgsky sought to depict life through music as it was truly lived. He rejected the repetition of symmetrical musical forms just as life itself is completely unpredictable.His style came to be known as erratic and exhibited a raw sense of individuality. Unfortunately, this concept of rea l life hit him specially hard when his mother passed away in 1865. This was a profound moment in Mussorgskys life, one that may have pushed him into the downward spiral utter(a) with alcohol, feeling, and hopelessness that would eventually follow. By the late 1860s, his music had circulated well enough to earn him the right of being grouped with Balakirev, Cui, Rimsky-Korsavok, and Borodin as a part of Russias mightily Handful.However, he had yet to compose a successful opera. In Autumn of 1868, after abandoning his two previous attempts at Salammbo and Marriage, Vladimir Nikosky suggested that he compose an opera for Alexander Pushkins drama, Boris Godunov. Mussorgsky gladly accepted the challenged and began almost immediately. Despite the opera being rejected by the State Censor (arguably not once but twice), nearly 6 years later, his masterpiece was ready to be shared with the world. The premier took place January 27, 1874, but to his dismay, it received a number of unconnec ted and interdict reactions.Even his good friend and fellow Mighty Hand member, Cesar Cui, was unimpressed and proceeded to minimize his accomplishment with a scathing review describing it as an immature work, and that it trespassed against the conventional musical grammar of the time. Mussorgsky was deeply impacted by the public reaction. It nearly destroyed his self-confidence, and summoned what I count to be the dark and pessimistic force that inspired his vociferation cycle entitle Bez Solnsta.Literally meaning sunless, or without sun, Bez Soinsta was a series of 6 songs Mussorgsky composed to accompany a variety of poems written by his close friend and part-time roommate, Arseni Golenishchev-Kutuzov. As the name implies, the overall mood of Sunless is rather bleak. Its music and lyrics especially evoke a continuous feeling of loneliness, hopelessness, insomnia, and worldlyom. From a psychological standpoint, one could say that this entire song cycle is a direct representati on of the moral state associated with depression and its symptomatic effects.I believe Mussorgsky chose to compose these songs when he did to reflect his degrading mental state of mind, which ultimately led to his demise. The first song of the cycle, consisting of only 17 bars, is entitled Within Four Walls. With its sparing accompaniment, this musically subtle piece tends to center around pedal D (first in the bass, later in the mid range, and wherefore returning ass to the bass). The melody blends a combination of recitative and aria with arching lines of infinite yearning and at times fierce dissonances.These unexpected harmonies are inevitably brought back to the unyielding D, all the while saturated with irregular phrase length and fermatas to perhaps allude to the unpredictability of life. Deceptive cadences of endless misery, combined with somber poetic lyrics such as an impenetrable darkness, irresponsive darkness, this song seems to radiate a sense of profound pessimism that can only be explained by the mental designate of Mussorgsky at the time. Though only lasting a mere 11 bars, Mussorgskys second song of the cycle, Thouh Didst Not Know Me In The Crowd, goes except harmonically than any other composer would be capable of.Frequently ending in foreign, unresolved chords, this perfect blend of heightened recitatives and fervent melodies do justice to the associated lyrics provided by Kutuzof. The verse line seems to express and bewail the indifference of the world as personified in the disinterest of a former lover. The brief poetic phrasing is as follows You have not recognized me in the crowd. Your glance did not say anything, but I felt wonder and fright when I caught it. It was only a moment, but believe me, within it I re-lived again, all the delights of past love, all the bitterness of oblivion and tearsDetails regarding Mussorgskys love life are sparse, but one can only assume that such words drenched in hopeless bitterness and overwhelmi ng sorrow pertained some relevance to his current love affairs at the time. Mussorgskys third song in the cycle is entitled The Noisy Festival Day Is Ended. At the time, he was working(a) in the forestry department of The Russian Government as a clerk. Earning little income, and being constantly preoccupied with pointless tasks, his frustration grew, as he was increasingly distracted from his real life as a composer.One of the more expansive Sunless songs, this 40 bar piece exhibits a variety of textures and gestures. Opening with a recitative, Mussorgsky continues to a lyrical middle section, where falling modal sixths are introduced. Finishing with an aria like finale, the song seems to convey no other emotions than hopeless longing and ablaze despair. He expresses yet another day tempestuousd, over is the idle and idle and clamorous day and another night sleep deprived, but sleep escapes from my eyeball. But what has brought about this dissatisfaction? Could it be his unfulfi lling job that distracts him from his true passion of music composition?Or perhaps it is a woman who disturbs him so, I am bored with this dead crowd Only one shadow, the only one of all, appeared to me, breathing with love. Boredom is the fourth song in Mussorgskys Sunless song cycle. As the name suggests, throughout the 29 bars, he repeats the opening statement a total of three times (making it a strophic song). However, it would not be very(prenominal) stylistic of Mussorgsky to restate this initial melody without some sort of change or variation. For each repetition, he modifies the music slightly to appropriately reflect the changes in the text.During the third repetition, the music seems to take a more fierce and tragic approach than that of the first and second phrases. The lyrics here also seem to indicate a powerful sense hopelessness and despair as Kutuzov writes, Be bored. From birth to the grave your path is written beforehand Drop by drop youll waste your powers. Then youll die. Talk about depressing. At this point in time, Mussorgsky was drinking heavily, and seemed to idealize his alcoholism, perhaps viewing it as an ethical or aesthetic habbit. This of guide led to increased isolation and depression, which is undeniably presented through songs such as this one.His fifth song, Elegy appears to be related in some way to the negative reaction of the public in response to the recent premier of his opera, Boris Godunov. As discussed earlier, even his close friend and respected fellow member of Russias Mighty Handful betrayed Mussorgsky with a brutal review of the piece. Elegy begins nicely as the fluttering piano gently compliments and symbolizes the Silent star flickering, lonely, through the blur of clouds. Arguably, this represents Mussorgskys opera at the time of its approval, waiting for the veil of clouds to be lifted in order to shine for all of the world to see.Later, the music changes drastically as a series of angry, dissonant and chro matic octaves relentlessly pound away as the poetry describes what I believe to be the publics reaction to his take on Boris Godunov. And I hear in the distance lifes discordant noise, laughter of the soulless crowd, the muttering of treacherous feuding. Mussorgskys anger and frustration in response to the premier of his opera are clearly and effectively depicted here through his music. The last song of his Sunless cycle is entitled By The River. Throughout the piece, a stationary bass line with its insistent half step supports a eries of extreme chromatic harmonies. at that place is a strange contradictive sense of stability and illusion to the piece, something which becomes even more prominent when compared to its poetry. Throughout the text, the line between sanity and madness and crossed, and you find yourself at the threshold of death. The poetry seems to essentially be a suicide note. The river acts as a means to an end, possessing magical secrets in them (what happens after you die). When it calls into the depths, I want to spring up without hesitation (suicide).The hopeless yearning and disheartening lyrics correspond with music nearly as dark and mysterious as the river portrays. In the years that followed, Mussorgskys mental and physical decline only worsened. The inability to resist drinking, combined with a series of deaths among his closes friends caused him great pain and sorrow. In 1880, he was terminated from the governmental service, and in 1881 he declared to a friend that there was, nothing left but begging. It seemed as though Mussorgsky had given up on music, on himself, on life. Sure enough, not long after the fact, he suffered from a series of seizures and was hospitalized.An impoverished son of nobility, Modest Petrovich Mussorgsky died on March 28, 1881, just a week after his 42nd birthday. His unfortunate struggle with alcohol, and criticisms from the public eye, inspired a dark and despairing approach to music during his final year s. Additionally, his interest and veneration to musical realism led to an unorthodox and controversial style, the critical reaction to which, he was unable to cope with. Sunless, with the help from Kutuzov, remains one of the bleakest works in the art song repertoire. Bibliography Articles http//www. recmusic. org/lieder/assemble_texts. tml? LanguageId=7&SongCycleId=60 http//www. allmusic. com http//en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Boris_Godunov_(opera) http//en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Modest_Mussorgsky http//en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Sunless_(song_cycle) Songs http//www. youtube. com/ remain? v=CKZwPYhXbbA http//www. youtube. com/watch? v=8KOvp0ienUI http//www. youtube. com/watch? v=tUXZ59hs2l8 http//www. youtube. com/watch? v=YU481pqyo54 http//www. youtube. com/watch? v=ym367Z_XJ-k http//www. youtube. com/watch? v=Raqo8RQL9i0 Scores http//www. musicaneo. com/sheetmusic/sm-4310_sunless_without_sun. html (yes, I bought it)

Characters’ Transformation Essay

Pride and Prejudice is one of the most popular novels write by Jane Austen which was foremost published in 1813. It is more than a narrative of love which revolves around the lives of the Bennett household and the affluent male visitants of Hertfordshire. The broad assortment of personalities in the narrative contributed to the novels attractive and compelling lineaments to day of the month. However. the novel seemingly portrayed several transmutations in relation to the chief characters.Elizabeth Bennet and Fitzwilliam Darcy were understandably different sorts of people who subsequently proved themselves to be the ideal lucifer for each other. Clearly. the transmutation of Elizabeth and Darcys characters were made possible by their ain reserve and biass against each other. This fact. hence. illustrates the thought that the character transmutation would most probably non happen with protrude the defects and headlong judgements of the two chief characters of the Jane Austens celebr ated novel. Character Transformation exhaustively reexamining the whole context of the narrative. the diverse personalities of the characters are what made it possible to get in a certain character transmutation. Each character is provided a characteristic that is distinguishable to other characters. Elizabeth Bennett. an raise character so. possesses traits which are really much different from her sisters. Here is one of her enjoinments to Darcy included in Chapter 19 where she rejects him the first curry he proposed to get married her and considered to be one of the polar bends in the narrative which caused the alteration in both Elizabeth and Darcys characterI do assure you. Sir. that I have no pretense whatever to that sort of elegance which consists in torturing a respectable adult male. I would instead be paid the compliment of being believed sincere. I thank you once more and once more for the award you have done me in your proposals. but to accept them is perfectly imposs ible. My feelings in every regard forbid it. Can I talk plainer? Do non see me now as an lovely female. meaning to blight you. but as a rational animal. talking the truth from her bosom ( Austen 97 ) .Elizabeth Bennetts character speaks much of a laborious personality which is highly opinionative and bold. Unlike her younger sisters. she does non let societal position and wealth to interfere with her criterions for love. However. in her statement. biass toward Darcy are apparent for she has already judged him with push through cognizing him sizeable foremost. However. at the terminal of the narrative. she regrets holding misjudged the adult male upon cognizing the existent Fitzwilliam Darcy.On the other manus. Darcys character besides reveals pride and bias on his first feeling towards Elizabeth. His statement where she declared Elizabeth as tolerable but non beautiful plenty to involvement him because of her hapless societal position discloses how noble he was to avoid being ac quainted with such a adult female ( Austen 9 ) . Similarly. he took back his word when he found out how interesting and intelligent Elizabeth was which led him to squeal his feelings and offer a matrimony proposal. Unfortunately. his first proposal was rejected.Upon the terminal of the novel. it is sensible to reason that Elizabeth Bennett and Fitzwilliam Darcy really have similar features which chamberpot be considered dry. both(prenominal) are intelligent. witty. opinionated. and proud. There are besides cases when they have exposed Acts of the Apostless of biass towards some characters in the narrative. chiefly themselves. Elizabeth deemed Darcy to be an highly chesty and proud adult male when she by chance heard him state that he was non interested in her due to her hapless position in the society.She thought him to be a spoilt affluent adult male who is unsociable and selfish. In return. Darcy besides showed his biass towards her by thought that she was non right for him beca use she belonged to the lower category portion of the society. Hence. the state of affairs indicates how their unprompted and superficial judgements of each other led them to take back their words and eliminate their pride and biass towards each other. They maculation by bit transformed into low existences who were capable of acknowledging and accepting their defects. Harmonizing to Christopher Booker. writer of The S compensate Basic PlotsWhat we see here is a narrative wholly shaped by the unspoken in signifier of Comedy. but in a new sort of intervention where the conventions close to misinterpretations. camouflages. failure to acknowledge individuality and dark figures acquiring caught out are no longer presented in the footings of the old phase devices. but instead more subtly. in footings of the gradual disclosure of peoples current character from behind first misguided feelings. and the find of true feelings. in a manner which corresponds more to our experience of life ( Booker 134 ) .Therefore. two people. even with similar features may non hold similar end products and can still be regarded contradictory in footings of beliefs. Like the characters in the narrative. all have intelligible personalities which enabled them to make up ones mind the manner they did. If Elizabeth did non hurriedly judged Darcy in the first topographic point which led her into rejecting his first matrimony proposal. Darcy would non hold humbled himself into farther prosecuting Elizabeth despite her initial rejection.He would non hold rescued her household from societal shame and uncover his true nature. Simply put. Elizabeth would non hold alteration her sentiment about Darcy and most likely reject him still. She would non hold fallen in love with him and alter her ways of being filled with biass. The undermentioned scenarios created a immense clash in the adulthood and development of the characters in the narrative which proves that the transmutation is so dependent o n the characters actions and determinations.Harmonizing to Nhu Les on-line article entitled. The Individualization of Elizabeth Bennet. she points out that Although Elizabeth comes to hold that Darcys old actions were so justified. . . this transmutation disables Elizabeths capacity to get at. and act upon. her ain judgements. On the contrary. Darcys missive strengthens Elizabeths independence of head. By accepting the fact that she has misjudged Darcy. Wickham. Jane. and Bingley. Elizabeth sharpens her ability to spot character.In bend. she develops a solidly based assurance ( Le ) . As one critic puts it. Both Elizabeth Bennet and Darcy develop an consciousness of their topographic point in the community and a acknowledgment of the effects of their ain speech ( Colebrook 158 ) . Conclusion Clearly. the statements stated higher up place the construct that Elizabeth and Darcys character transmutation would non hold been possible without their errors and initial false feelings of e ach other.This validates the fact that their development as persons is extremely grow from their determinations and headlong judgmentsor instead their ain pride and biass. Works Cited Austen. Jane. Pride and Prejudice A Novel. London R. Bentley. 1853. Booker. Christopher. The Seven Basic Plots Why We Tell Stories. sweet York Continuum International Publishing Group. 2005. Colebrook. Claire. Irony. London Routledge. 2004. Le. Nhu. The Individualization of Elizabeth Bennet. 16 December 2008. & lt hypertext transfer protocol //www. Colorado. edu/pwr/occasions/articles/lizbennet. hypertext markup language & gt

Narrative of Frederick Douglass

The Autobiography of Frederick Douglass, titled Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, utilizes five key literary devices in rove to break dance lend Douglasss journey from enslavement to freedom. This includes the occasion of Imagery, diction, first person point of view, specific expound, and allusion. Each of these is used to help convey the experiences of slaveholding, as well as the joys and fears of being a freed slave. The use of Imagery through extinct the narrative engrosses the indorser and provides him with a burst sense of the ideas and experiences of Douglass.An workout of these is when Douglass looked out onto the Chesapeake bay, at which point he saw several ships with white sails. These struck him pro lay outly, acting as a beacon of light in the midst of his iniquity circumstances. These white sails seemed to be an idea of hope and freedom, the thought that one day he too could be like the ships, with nothing only if the wind to manoeuvre him. Another example of Imagery is when Douglass first receives Sandys Magical root.This was supposed to protect Douglass from further beatings by his slave masters, an idea that he easily discarded. In doing this, Douglass shows his remainder from the other uneducated slaves, with the root making a distinction between how the educated and uneducated believe things occur. Still, Douglass did keep the root as a crystallize of last resort, an action that seems to show just how desperate Douglass was to ward off his abuse. The use of Diction throughout the stratum helps the reader to get a better sense of the mindset of Douglass.One example of this is when Douglass was sent to work with Mr. William Gardner. Here, he described his change in ownership as being Hired out, almost as if he were an employee of his master, instead of being lent or borrowed. Douglass didnt see this as abnormal, someone telling him who to work for without any regard for his own preference. Another example of word choice is when he describes is mistress as being a Kind and Tender-hearted woman, a description that leads the reader to imagine almost a mother, someone who cared for others.He could have simply called her a just or fair woman, but instead he described her as motherly. Finally, when Douglass was describing his life constantly go from owner to owner, he spoke on the fact that he truly did not have a legal residence. In Douglasss case, The ties that ordinarily bind their children to their homes were all suspended. He truly did not have a place to call home, but this was almost a sort of freedom for him. He described the sense of home as binding, instead of welcoming.In doing so, he truly shows that he did not understand the idea of belonging to a home or group, but instead being a nomad. It does not feel as though a home binds a child to it, but instead its a synthetic rubber haven, somewhere that you can feel safe. By recounting the story in a first-person point of view, Douglass bett er conveys his story to the reader. In telling the story in such a way, Douglass appeals to the emotions of his reader, even their human raceity, in an effort to show them just how abusive the situation of a slave holder is.He does so in order to show both the effects of abuse on the slave and the owner himself. A story told in the third person can be percieved as detached, something that does not truly exist. But, by telling it from the perspective of one who actually endured the abuses, Douglass was able to make the story more credible and even make the reader think that such circumstances could happen to themselves. In telling the story in the first person, Douglass achieves his goal of appealing to the audiences humanity.No longer could they simply remain unwitting to the plight of a slave living in the south, but instead they now had to actually acknowledge the fact that they knew what was happening, and either act on this knowledge, or ignore it. The constant use of specific details in the autobiography gives the tale credibility and engrosses the reader. An early, but important, example of a specific detail occurs in chapter 7. Here, Douglass is detailing his dire situation. He wishes to expand his intelligence, but then is unable to begin doing so because of his status as a slave.When Captain Anthony died, Douglasss hatred of slavery was even more apparent, when he was to be valued with the other property as though he were an item, not a person. In doing this, Frederick was perceived by his owners heirs to be nothing more than a piece of property to be decided upon, not a person with hopes and dreams. Later in the tale, Douglass describes Mr. Hopkins, whos Chief show was his ability to manage slaves. Hopkins was a cruel man, the poster child of slave handlers, and would enjoy beating and abusing his slaves.In describing his living conditions in prison, he described it as a great deal more comfortable than we expected Did not get much to eat, nor w hich was very good, but we had a clean room. In doing this, Douglass provides the reader with an idea of just how negative their lives were as slaves, when even a prison cell seemed to be a comfortable and clean set of living conditions. Finally, Douglass refrained from using any real in-depth details when recounting his actual escape from slavery to freedom.He did this because he did not want slave owners to be able to use any of his methods against slaves themselves, which would endanger both abolitionists and slaves alike. Finally, the use of Allusion throughout the tale helps to show the great conflict of being free but a fugitive. Douglass compared his decision to that of Patrick Henry in deciding whether or imitate his own freedom or to remain a slave. Henrys decision for Liberty or Death was an easy one, Douglass claims, as it was certain freedom or death.In Douglasss case, however, the liberty was extremely uncertain, with even after him having escaped the possibility of being returned as a fugitive slave remained. Douglass also compares himself to an Unarmed Mariner rescued From the pursuit of a Pirate when describing his joy at obtaining freedom from slavery. Douglass also recalled the words of Thomas Jefferson, who despite being a slave owner, wrote that its practice was a War against human nature itself. Finally, Douglass alludes to the story of Daniel in the bible, who had been thrown into a lions den but escaped unharmed through the help of God.This situation seems similar to the one Douglass found himself in, with his extraordinary luck allowing him to survive something that most men did not. Frederick Douglass used five literary devices in his narrative in order to better convey his story to the audience. His use of Imagery, Diction, First Person, specific details, and allusion causes the story to be not only more realistic, but also more believable, by the audience. In doing so, he was better able to achieve his goal of conveying his stor y of slavery and freedom.

Problems in Education in the Phil

Problems and Issues in the Filipino Educational System Notes About the Problems and Issues in the Philippine Educational System A Critical Discourse by Prof. John N. Ponsaran Colonial historiography. Most of the medieval and present teachers, book authors, and accessible Studies consultants give heavier premium to the history of the colonizers in the Philippines, and not to the history of Filipinos. Mostly, this has been the geek in the teaching of History subjects from the elementary to tertiary levels and will most likely perpetuate in the next generations to come.The history of the Filipino people and the colonial history of the Philippines atomic number 18 two different topics altogether. internationalisation of the division of labor. To a certain extent, the Philippine educational system conditions its students to be skillful in arithmetic and computer literacy, fluent in foreign languages (specific completelyy English and Nihonggo), and docile in order to pay heed as wor kers of the transnational businesses of the ripe(p), capitalist countries. Take the case of the call center phenomenon in the Philippines, India and other developing states.Emasculation and demoralisation of teachers. Teachers, more(prenominal) often than not, be victimized by the over-worked and under-paid policy of the system of the past and present dispensations. This leads to the emasculation and demoralization of their ranks. This probably explains why the teaching profession is not attracting the best and the brightest from the crop of students anymore. Expectedly, this will correspondingly result to the vicious cycle of mediocrity in education. Fly-by-night educational institutions. By any measure, the proliferation of funny educational institutions is counter-productive.In the long run, it produces a pool of half-baked, unprep ard, and incompetent graduates. Alarmingly, the country is having an over-supply already. Some would even consider them as liabilities than asset s. This case is true for both undergraduate and graduate studies. Culturally and gender insensitive educational system. Women, the customary tao and the indigenous people are almost historically excluded from the Philippine historiography in favor of the men, heroes from Luzon and the power elite. Women are marginalized and trivialized even in language of education.Take the case of the terms female lawyer (as if lawyer as a profession is exclusive only to men) and manpower (which should have been human resources or human capital to be more politically correct). State abandonment of education. In the name of imperialist globalization, the statein an additive fashionis abandoning its role to subsidize public education particularly in the tertiary level. This comes in the bod of matriculation, laboratory and miscellaneous fee increases in order to force state colleges and universities (SCUs) to generate their own sources of fund.Ironically, the mass of the budget (in fact, more tha n one-third in the case of 2005 National Budget) goes to debt servicing. Sub-standard textbooks. Some textbooks which are already circulation are both poorly written and haphazardly edited. Take the case of the Asya Noon at Ngayon with an identified full number of more than 400 historical errors. Unfortunately, it is precisely one of the many other similar terribly written textbooks which are barely to be identified and exposed. This is a classic case of profit-centeredness without regard to kind accountability. Widespread contractualization.In the name of profit, owners and administrators of several private schools commonly practice contractualization among their talent members. Contractual employees unlike their continuous/tenured counterparts are not entitled to fringe benefits which consequently reduces the over-all cost of their business operation. Job danger demeans the ranks of the faculty members. Undue disregard for specialization. Some colleges and universities enco urage their faculty pool to be generalists (under the guise of multidisciplinary show up to learning) in order to be able to plow various subjects all at once.But some faculty members have turned out to be objects of mockery and have lost their self-esteem since some of them were pushed to handle Technical Writing, General Psychology, Filipino, and Algebra at the same time. This is prevalent among some franchised academic institutions even if the subjects are already off-tangent their area of interest and specialization. Copy-pasting acculturation. Over-dependence to the cyberspace has dramatically reduced the capability of students (even teachers) to undertake research. Copy-pasting has even turned into a norm among some students whenever they are tasked to submit a research paper or even a film review. Needless to say, plagiarism has already trans relieve oneselfed into a more sophisticated form in the context of todays electronic age. Mcdonaldized education. The system, metho dology, and even content of education in the Philippines are pure haphazard transplantation from the West. It is therefore Eurocentric, culturally insensitive, and non-reflective of the local milieu.This is based on the xenocentric (foreign-centered) premise that other culture or system is far more superior than ones own. The problem of non-sustainability and non-continuity. Teachers, administrators and publishers are all left in limbo whenever the DepEd would come up with another totally different directive from what it utilize to have in a rather very sudden interval. Take the case of the grading system, timeframe deal to various subjects, MAKABAYAN program, readiness test, and learning competencies (LC). Poor regard for liberal art/education.Liberal education is intended to form a holistic individual equipped with communication, critical thinking, mathematical, creative, inter-personal and intra-personal skills. This explains why we also have Philosophy, Languages, Humanities, Natural Science, Social Science, Physical Education and even Theology in our college curriculum, and not only our major subjects. The curriculum is specifically designed to produce a total person, and not only a technical specialist. Unfortunately, the desired object glass is not being met at all since liberal ducation is regarded only as a set of belittled subjects. With the way these subjects are being handled (taking into account both content and methodology), students view the entire exercise as an unnecessary duplication of what they have already covered in high school. Equally alarming is the miss of enthusiasm and motivation exhibited by some professors to handle the subject especially if they believe that it has nothing to do with the course or area of specialization of their students (say, Art Appreciation for Accounting majors or Algebra for imaginative Writing majors).Education a purveyor of myth. Education has been very effective in mainstreaming and perpetuating the social myths in a subtile and indirect manner. Some of these myths are the perceived superiority of white, educated men, official history as advanced by the western point of view, globalization as the only way to achieve economic development, and stereotypes against the minoritized and the disenfranchised. except marginalization of the undersubscribed courses.In the name of profit and as a response to the dictates of the market forces, colleges and universities prefer to offer more courses in line with the health sciences like nursing, medical transcription, and care-giving. This is done at the expense of the already undersubscribed yet relevant courses like Area Studies, Pilipinolohiya (Philippine Studies), Development Studies, Philippine Arts, Art Studies, Community Development, Social Work, Islamic Studies, habiliment Technology, and Ceramics Engineering. Monolithic education.Some educators in the name of conservatism and for the sake of convenience, prefer the old-style teac hing paradigm where they view themselves as the fountain of knowledge and their students as nothing but empty vessels to be filled up (banking method of education). Modern education has ushered in learner-centered approach to education (from being the sage in the stage to just a guide on the side). Atrociously boring teachers. As I always underscore, there are no boring subjects, only boring teachers. But at least we should recognize them because they still serve a purpose. They serve as bad examples.

The Level of Disaster Preparedness of Pangasinan State University

THE LEVEL OF DISASTER zeal OF PANGASINAN STATE UNIVERSITY STUDENTS, LINGAYEN CAMPUS S. Y. 2012-2013 A Research Paper Presented to Dr. Lorna G. Urbiztondo In Partial Fulfillment Of the Requirements for the Course ProfEd 117 (Introduction to Research) By Ryan S. Oris March 2013 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I would to express my sincerest appreciation and gratitude to the population behind the success of this underpickings * To Dr. Lorna G. Urbiztondo, Research Adviser for her very supportive and professional guidance and supporter * To the Staff of PSU Library, for allowing me to borrow undergraduate thesis * To Mrs.Helen Braga Mabanta, registrar of PSU Lingayen Campus for giving me the total population of enrolled educatees in this university * close of all I would deal thank my families, friends and classmates for their inspiration and misgiving * And finally the Eternal and Gracious God, for state and providing the needed intellect, volume, spiritual guidance in the completion of this carry. Phenomenal things happened because of this tribe. I wish that all b littleings and deargonst be showered upon them. Chapter 1 The trouble and Its BackgroundI. Introduction Prep atomic number 18dness in time of haps cognize to be critical for households, communities and businesses but many people remains un hustling. Mindanaos are blown in the wind, deaths in flashfloods. A shocking password that Typhoon Pablo pounds Mindanao last December 2012. It was approximated that this typhoon killed nearly 2,000 people and wiped out their livelihood and similarly residential areas. More than 90 portion of infrastructures are destroyed in Compostela Valley, Davao Oriental and parts of the Agusan provinces (Inquirer News).This fortuity performs to emphasize the signifi domiciliatece of the responsibility of individual, local coordination and effective plans to ensure the capacity to react and cope from guinea pig(ip) unexpected events. Natural or man-make happening whitethorn come in many forms, anytime, anywhere without advance notice. If we caught unprepared, it causes damage and devastation it brings to lives and properties. adventure may strike in any place whether at home, in inculcate, in church, in market, in the workplace or in the streets.Further more, students are one of affect in eccentric person of these disasters- one reason why g everywherenment set ups enhancing skills and knowledge as a information instrument to cope with any eventuality that might come in life. As governments prime duty is to avert and safeguard people from incoming disaster and other forms of catastrophe (CWTS Coursebook, 2009). In instill or community, there are volunteer groups training service and programs promoting the effective and appropriate measures in order to abate dangers.This enquiry assesses the end result of training services and programs to students. The purpose of this research is to assure the current disaster eagerness take aim of campus students at Pangasinan State University, Lingayen Campus in order to look for strength and weaknesses to be used in future campus disaster preparedness plans. If the University already alert with this knowledge, the university allow be able to more effective plan, amplify, and implement procedures in order to move in an efficient appearance to preserve life and property in the event of a disaster on campus.This descriptive research used a quantitative survey to assess the following research questions What is the profile of the PSU- Lingayen Campus students in ground of age, sex and civil status? What is the direct of preparedness in scathe of inseparable and man-made disasters? What are the tasks en buffeted by the respondents in the preparedness of disasters in terms inherent and man-made disasters? This research used questionnaires to explore the status of their preparedness for a disaster. Signifi poopce of the Study The output of this research is deemed significant t o the following * The Students.They willing able to know the direct of disaster preparedness of Pangasinan State University students. They will be more quick in training services and programs concerning to disaster preparedness. * The Teachers. This study will excrete a feedback to the teachers on statement disaster preparedness eespecial(a)ly to NSTP ( guinea pig Service Training Program) teachers. * The University Administration. This study will make the university aware on the level of disaster preparedness of the students and will help them coin appropriate programs to cope with the necessity of the students. The future tense Researchers. Result of this study would be beneficial as a basis for further studies cogitate to this research and to be inspired to conduct more extensive and substantial study approximately level of disaster preparedness in bigger area. Scope and Delimitation This study primarily focused on the level of disaster preparedness of students. According to the registrar office of Pangasinan State University Lingayen Campus, there are 6,447 students who are enrolled in this university. From the total population, there are 1,793 freshmen, 1,642 sophomores, 1,584 juniors and 1,428 seniors.It only covers the 10% of the total population. It was conducted during the second semester of S. Y. 20012-2013. Statement of the Problem This study aimed to pay back the level of disaster preparedness of Pangasinan State University students, Lingayen Campus S. Y. 2012-2013. Specifically, it sought to answer the following sub-problems 1. What is the profile of the PSU- Lingayen Campus students in terms of the following variables a. Sex b. Age c. Section d. well-bred Status? 2. What is the level of preparedness in terms of a. Natural disasters . Man-made disasters? 3. What are the problems encountered by the respondents in the preparedness of disasters? Definition of Terms The study used some terms which the police detectives defined for clearer u nderstanding. The following terms are defined operationally 1) Disaster. It refers to a indispensable or man-made hazard resulting disturbances and disruption of cordial and frugal aspects, release of life, and drastic change of environment may happen. It has great cause to Pangasinan State University students, Lingayen Campus. 2) Disaster preparedness.It refers to PSU-LC students ability to respond and recover in the event of a disaster. It encompasses measures aimed at intensifying life sentry go when an emergency brake occur. 3) train of disaster preparedness. It refers to the level of readiness or readiness for disaster of the PSU-LC students. 4) Natural disasters. These are disasters that brought by nature. 5) Man- made disaster. These are synthetic disasters that brought by man. Chapter 2 Review of Related Literature and Studies This chapter put forwards the link literature brushup and studies which served as springboard in the conceptualization of this study.They are reviewed hereunder to show that these studies are consistent with the present concerns of this research. RELATED LITERATURE A. Foreign Disaster may strike anytime, anywhere resulting to great loss and misfortune. Disasters find both kinds, the natural and man-made disasters. Natural and man-made disasters, such as earthquakes, floods, plane crashes, high-rise mental synthesis collapses, or major nuclear facility malfunctions, pose an ever-present danger challenge to public emergency services. According to The CDC (2007) the leading cause of death in the typical college age population is the unintentional injuries.Annually, more than 30,000 deaths occur from unintentional injuries for those among the ages 15 and 35 (CDC, 2007). According to the reports, homicide and suicide are the next two close to frequent causes of deaths in age group. From the reports of the U. S Census Bureau (2008), in 2006 with 17. 1 gazillion undergraduate and 3. 4 million graduate students there ar e more than 20 million college students in the United States. This represents an increase in students by 3 million, or 17 percent, from the 2000 census information.As stated by Aker (2007), colleges represent a significant target hazard for the communities that they serve with potential for staggering amounts of loss of life, economic resources, and future potential if an incident on campus was to occur. Gaull (1997) stated that the measure of a dangerous occurrence is known as the most practical way to save life from an unintentional wound. In chivy prevention practices since the days of Benjamin Franklin, the the Statesn fire service has participated. From one of his newspaper articles, Mr.Franklin quotes an ounce of prevention is expense a pound of cure, actually was referring to the popular hazard of carrying smoldering embers or coals done the home. The handout of the America Burning Report in 1973, from the National Commission on Fire measure and Control, was the ball d eclaration to the seriousness of the fire problem in America (EACRR, 2009). NFPA (2011) reports that from 1977 to 2006 that the fire rate in America dropped from 3. 2 million fires to approximately 1. 6 million. Though that represents almost a 50% drop in fires, the firesafety. ov (2011) reports an increase in the enactment of campus related fire deaths. Since January 2000, 135 college students get down been report to be killed in fires (firesafty. gov, 2011). The H1N1 flu epidemic serves as a great example of new and emerging risk of infection that can quickly cook a significant impact on a college. From August to the end of family 2009, campuses had reported 13,434 cases of H1N1 and two student deaths (Park, 2009). Colleges across the country were forced to scramble to develop plans and implement counter measures to ensure the safety of their students and workers. somewhat colleges such as Arizona State went so far as to caudex up on medications such as Tamiflu to dispense to students, other shoals prepared dorms to be used as quarantine locations for infected students (McGraw, 2009). Almost all colleges developed and implemented some sort of prevention preparation program to deal with the spread of the flu. Ultimately, the education and prophylactic measures proved to be the most successful measures (CDC, 2010) Campus safety is not only important to the lives of those on college campuses but to the reputation of the college which is tied to its enrolment and in offer its economic success (Clunn, 2010).It is recommended that individuals be prepared to take care of themselves for the first hours of an emergency or disaster (Bayless, 2011 FEMA, 2011). An interesting argument is how prepared college students are in the area of safety prevention. College Watch contended that a major reason for an increase in campus related fires is that the students knowledge level in regards to safety aspects is not proficient. For example, the tote up one factor found in campus fires was cooking accidents (Campus Fire Watch, 2011).Cooking safety is a pretty common fire prevention topic in grade school so it is surprising that it would be the number one cause of fires on campus. According to Aschenbrener (2001), college campus students, faculty, and staff are at risk from thousands of different hazards. Prevention practices can teach the normal person how to live safer and how better be prepared for an emergency or disaster that may affect them and their family (Comeau, 2007). For college inhabitants to minimize their risk to death or blemish from an unintentional injury they must select the knowledge and practice prevention strategies. cooking is significant. According to White House (2003), preparedness is the humankind of plans, procedures, policies, training, and equipment necessary at the federal, state, and local level to maximize the ability to prevent, respond to, and recover from major events. Mean term, National Incident Management S ystem (2012) defined preparedness as a continuous cycle of planning, organizing, training, equipping, exercising, evaluating, and taking corrective action in an effort to ensure effective coordination during incident response.This cycle is one segment of a broader National Preparedness System in order abating dangers. B. topical anaesthetic The Filipinos being a locale of earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, tsunamis and typhoons is a hotbed of disasters. Natural hazards make in? icted thousands ofdeaths and costly damage to property, not only natural disasters that has great impact to the lives of Filipino but also the human- induced or man-made disaster (Corresponding Author). In a report from Citizens Disaster Response Center (CDRC, 2011), a total of 431 natural and human-induced disasters were reported in the Philippines in 2011.These killed 1,774 people, and unnatural more than 3 million families or 15. 3 million people, and caused over Php 26 billion in economic damages. Base d on the EM-DAT The OFDA/CRED International Disaster Database, of the 302 natural disasters that happened worldwide, 33 occurred in the Philippines and 21 in China. Last course, the country was only third on that enumerate with only 14 natural disasters recorded. The Philippines also placed third in the add up of countries most affected by natural disasters in 2011 with 11. 7 million people affected. Previously, the country placed only fifth on that list.In terms of casualties, the Philippines is second to Japan with 1,924 people killed. In terms of absolute oftenness, flood topped the list with 121 reported incidents, or 28. 07% of the total number of disaster events monitored in 2011. This was followed by fire with 98 incidents bulk of which occurred in urban centers, particularly in congested urban poor communities. Meanwhile, earthquake occurred 78 times, while landslide 66 times, and tornado 23. Tropical Cyclones may not have made it to the top 5 most frequent disasters, b ut it affected the most number of people.At least 10. 3 Million people were affected in 2011. The two most destructive tropical cyclones in 2011 are Tropical invade Sendong (Washi) and Typhoon Pedring (Nesat). Prevention is doing always better than cure. Why wait for some predicted situations to happen when at first we are aware it will happen? Disasters and calamities though cannot be avoided but can be mitigated. These disasters may serve a lesson for us to become a disaster resilient. Furthermore, what we really need to do is to develop a culture of safety in order to prepare ourselves against any disaster.It is not di? cult to demonstrate that we inadequacy this culture, because examples can range from riding motorcycle bikes without helmets, to search and rescue teams not knowing where to ? nd no-count boats to save flood victims. According to Philippine Information Agency (PIA, 2011), during calamities, children are most vulnerable, reason to have education about disaster r isk reduction. Since natural calamities are unpreventable, the best government can do is to reduce its disastrous effect through knowledge on disaster preparedness.The provinces of Leyte, Southern Leyte and Eastern Samar in Eastern Visayas are the provinces specifically at high risk of natural calamities like landslide and implosion therapy as the said provinces are located in the eastern seaboard of the country. As a condom measure against disaster the division of facts of life (DepEd), the Office of complaisant Defense (OCD) and the Commission on higher(prenominal) Education (CHED) have mandates to concretize disaster preparedness by integrating disaster reduction and commission education in the curricula of the public secondary and tertiary schools.It was learned that some schools in Eastern Visayas have started adopting introductory passages and modules on disaster risk reduction at the start of classes this year. The Regional Risk reduction Management Council (RDRRMC) ti ed up with the DepEd in the conduct of a training and seminar for teachers expected to handle the subject. Some schools in Leyte have already included disaster risk reduction in their Earth attainment subject even if the subject have yet to be formally ironed out between the National Disaster Risk Reduction Management Council (NDRRMC) and the DepEd (PIA, 2011).The subject will also be taught in the National Service Training Program (NSTP) for tertiary schools, technical-vocational, indigenous learning and in out of school youth courses. (PIA-8) It is very helpful for students to have information about weather conditions in the Philippines. Good news from students and also to Filipino, subdivision of Science and Technology launched a alert application based on its exceedingly successful project calledNOAHwhich stands for Nationwide Operational Assessment ofHazards. From the report, NOAH aims to provide reliable and authoritative information about weather conditions in the country .It is designed to be a disaster preparedness system to reduce loss of lives, and damages to properties due to rain-triggered naturalhazards. Now that its accessible via a mobile application, Filipinos will be able to access information relevant to current weather conditions right on the palm of theirhands. Raymund Liboro, Department of Science and Technology project director forNOAH said, When it comes to getting and accessing information, there is nothing more ubiquitous than the mobile phone. A 2011 World Bank study showed that 80 percent of Filipino households have a mobile phone, making the application convenient andaccessible.Furthermore, theNOAHmobile application will initially be ready(prenominal) only for Android smartphones. However, its sharing options will allow users to share information across different socialmedia. Future enhancements include incorporating a flood forecasting system. This will really help us give advance warning to residents of flood-prone areas and if there is a need to evacuate, said Vic Malano, Deputy Administrator of the Philippine Atmospheric, geophysical and AstronomicalServices. RELATED STUDIES A. Foreign Kevin Kupietz conducted a research entitled Retention of Emergency Preparedness experience at Halifax Community College.According to him, there are more than 3. 5 million students attending more than 4,000 colleges and universities in America. These students, a colossal with faculty and staff members could be at risk of injury or death from natural or manmade incidents and disasters on and off campus. It is known that how well prepared and the actions one takes during an emergency can have a significant impact on the events outcome. The problem is that the emergency preparedness knowledge of students, faculty, and staff of colleges, like Halifax Community College is unknown.It is critical for emergency preparedness planning to understand the core knowledge of the group that intends to develop protection plans for. With this in mind the purpose of this descriptive study was to examine the current emergency preparedness knowledge of Halifax Community College students, faculty, and staff members. This study used a quantitative survey tool or a web based testing instrument to explore the following questions pertaining to campus students, faculty, and staff What is their current of understanding of campus emergency procedures?What is their current level of knowledge is in regards to basic emergency preparedness? What is their current level of emergency preparedness based on the prevention actions they have taken? Kupietz study found that overall knowledge towards preparedness and prevention was fair to good for those that participated. The study also indicated that while the knowledge may be possessed the prevention actions were not always put into place by participants. This study reason that a college campus puts a large quantity of people together in a small geographical area.This can create the risk of an event leading to multiple injuries and/or deaths. College campuses often represent a new world of freedom for young adults that may lead to reckless behaviors such as beverage in excess. These factors, singularly and combined, put the typical college campus at risk. Through prevention programs that are able to promote good information with high retention rates that inspire people to take preventative actions the risk can be greatly reduced.Through further research providing foundational information for prevention specialists to work from great strides can be made to protect the students, faculty, and staff of not only Halifax Community College but of colleges across the country. B. Local There was an assessment of disaster preparedness in selected public schools in Luzon, Philippines. This study was conducted by Jonathan Guevarra, Caridad Ancheta, Jason Dela Pena, Adelwisa Ortega and Theresita Lariosa. This study will attempt to describe the disaster preparedness of sele cted public schools and also Schools disaster preparedness plan.Furthermore, this study will also attempt to detect awareness of call school military group on disaster preparedness programs (both local and national) and Department of Education (DepEd) disaster related policies. From their study, 37 key personnel from elementary and secondary schools were interviewed using an interview guide from January to March 2006. They secured the written permit from the Department of Education (DepEd) Division Superintendent. Prior to interview respondents, consent form was obtained. They were collected the school profile and info on each Schools disaster preparedness.Using descriptive statistics, entropy was analyse. After a long period of time, they come up with the following results of the 37 schools covered in the study, most (59%) of them came from the National groovy Region (NCR) and most of them were Elementary Schools. Thirty five schools (95%) reported to have formed disaster co mmittees. However, less than one third (30%) of the respondent schools had disaster preparedness plans. The majority (95%) of the public schools conducted drills once a year. The most common type of drill conducted in these schools was fire and earthquake drills.Fifty-one percent (51%) were not used as centers of evacuation during the disasters that occurred in the last five years. The majority (95%) of the public school key personnel were aware of the national local disaster management programs. All respondents were aware of disaster-related DepEd policies. The five researchers concluded that this study provided a glimpse of the efforts that teachers and students are preparing in times of emergencies and disasters. They recommend that specific hazards that affect schools may have to be addressed. Chemical spills, food poisoning and infectious disease outbreaks are examples of these.These may also be considered the preparation of the Schools preparedness plans. As we reviewed the re lated literature from the local and foreign studies, it may help to understand the current study. From the local study- Assessment of Disaster Preparedness in Selected Public Schools in Luzon, Philippines, we knew already the status of elementary and secondary students of Luzon in preparing for disaster. In contrast, this current study focuses only to students of Pangasinan State University, Lingayen Campus in assessing also the level or status of their disaster preparedness.Furthermore, this current study does not attempt to determine awareness of key school personnel on disaster preparedness programs but it is similar to the method to be used in analyzing info. From the foreign study entitled Disaster Preparedness Concepts, Guidance, and Research, it has also a great help to my study. They gave summary of concepts, guidance and research about disaster preparedness. CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK From the insights of the related studies and literatures presented earlier, certain concepts s tood out as the source of the conceptual framework of this study.Through this, the main intention of this study is to determine the level of disaster preparedness of PSU students in Lingayen Campus. The input variables of the study are the profile of the respondents which consist of age, gender, course and section, and civil status. The process is analyzing the information through the descriptive method using questionnaire. The output of this study is the level of disaster preparedness of PSU students in Lingayen Campus. The paradigm found on the succeeding page has guided the researcher in the conduct of this study. PARADIGM Analysis of the input through the descriptive survey methodAnalysis of the input through the descriptive survey method 1. personalized visibleness of the students in terms of a. Sex b. Age c. Civil status 2. The level of preparedness in terms of a. Natural Disasters b. Man-made Disasters 3. Problems Encountered by the respondents. 4. Personal Profile of the s tudents in terms of d. Sex e. Age f. Civil status 5. The level of preparedness in terms of c. Natural Disasters d. Man-made Disasters 6. Problems Encountered by the respondents. Level of Disaster Preparedness of Pangasinan State University- Lingayen Campus S. Y 2012-2013Level of Disaster Preparedness of Pangasinan State University- Lingayen Campus S. Y 2012-2013 INPUT PROCESS OUTPUT Figure 1 Paradigm of the study viewing the relationship between the input- process and output of the study. Chapter 3 Research Methodology This chapter deals with the different approaches and techniques used by the researchers in gathering the important data to complete this study. It involves the research design, research locale, samples and sampling techniques, subject, research design, data gathering procedure, validation of instrument, data processing method and statistical treatment. Research DesignThis study is basically descriptive research work. Descriptive research deals with the description, r ecording, analysis and interpretation of the phenomena that already exist (Calderon, 1993). The data were presented and discussed using descriptive and inferential analysis technique. Population and Sample of the Study There are 6,447 students enrolled in PSU Lingayen Campus. Ten percent (10%) of the total number of students will be chosen as respondents using stratified random sampling. The dispersal is shown in Figure 2. YEAR LEVEL NUMBER OF ENROLLED STUDENTS 10% First year 1,793 179 Second year 1,642 164Third year 1,584 158 Fourth year 1,428 143 TOTAL 6,447 645 Figure 2. Distribution of the Respondents of the Study Research locale The study on the Level of Disaster Preparedness of PSU students, Lingayen Campus was conducted at Pangasinan State University, Lingayen Campus S. Y 2012-2013 Research musical instrument The researchers employed questionnaires in gathering data from the respondents. Questionnaire is defined as the document containing a list of questions related to par ticular topic. The data which will be obtained from the returned questionnaires will be carefully studied to come up with an appropriate output.This study covers research questionnaires as data gathering instrument. The questionnaire is divided into three parts. The first research questionnaire was made to gather information about personal profile of the respondents such as age, sex, and others. The second questionnaire was mean to obtain data on the disaster preparedness of the respondents. The third questionnaire was intended also to determine the problems encountered by the respondents in disaster preparedness. Validation of the Instrument The instrument used in this study will be valid until School Year 2012-2013.Data Gathering Procedure The researcher was able to gather data thru questionnaire that was disposed(p) to the respondents. This questionnaire during the time that the respondent answering the questionnaire, the researcher was able to have small informal interviews wi th the respondents and ask something related to the research problem. Data Processing Method Through descriptive method, data were analyzed. Statistical Tools and Treatment The data that were obtained using the questionnaires and the tests were subjected to statistical procedures as followsPart 1 on the profile of the respondents are measured and analyzed by percentages, and frequency. The formula is as follows P= fN x 100 Where P= percentage f= frequency N= number of respondents For problem No. 2, average weighted mean was used in find the level of disaster preparedness in terms of hazard knowledge The formula in compute the average weighted mean is shown below AWM= ? fxN Where= Average Weighted Mean ?= summation of f= frequency x= the number that corresponding to the level of preparedness N= total number of respondentsThe results will be interpreted using the Lickert Scale which is described below Range Scale Descriptive Rating 5 4. 21- 5. 00 Very much prepared (VMP) 4 3. 41-4. 20 Much prepared (MP) 3 2. 61-3. 40 reasonably prepared (MP) 2 1. 81-2. 60 Fairly prepared (FP) 1 1. 0-1. 80 Not prepared (NP) For Problem No. 3, the problems encountered by the students on the disaster preparedness had been computed by using frequency count and ranking. BIBLIOGRAPHY Africa. Carla, Philippine Disasters 9 November 2012. http//www. academia. edu/693831/Lessons_from_recent_Philippine_disastersAschenbrener, M. (2001). In Twombly S. (Ed. ), How colleges and Universities respond to natural disaster. United States- Kansas The University of Kansas. Retrieved from http//www. npr. org/templates/story/story. php? storyId=9603275 Campus Fire Watch (2011, April 11). Current fire information. Retrieved from http//www. campus-firewatch. com/resources%20center/currentinfo. html CDC (2007). 10 leading causes of death by age group, United States-2007. Retrieved from http//cdc. gov/injury/leadingcauses. html Clunn N. (2010. October, 22). Students need lessons in off-campus safety.No rthJersey. com. Retrieved from http//www. northjersey. com/news/crime_courts/105505788Students_need_lessons_in_off-campus_safety. html FEMA (2011). Emergency response action go. Retrieved from http//www. fema. gov/plan/ehp/response. shtm Gaull, E. (1997, May). Show me the results Fire Chief. HCC (2010). Halifax Community Colleges annual report 2010. Retrieved from http//www. halifaxcc. edu/AnnualReport/annualreport2010. pdf Mowrer, F. W. (1999). Fire safe student housing a guide for campus housing administrators. Emmitsburg, MD United States Fire Administration. Park, M. 2009, September, 22). Students ad H1N1 mingle on campus. CNN. Retrieved from http//articles. cnn. com. /2009-09-22/health/h1n1. flu,college. students_1_h_1 _n_1-flu-prevention-seasonal-flu? _s=PMHEALT http//upmcphresearchoffice. weebly. com http//www. futuregov. asia/articles/2012/nov/09/philippines-launches-mobile-app-disaster-preparedn/ http//www. universityworldnews. com/article. php? story=20120518132734905 ht tp//www. academia. edu/1936994/An_Analysis_on_Environmental_Management_Polic y_in_the_Philippines APPENDICES APPENDIX A QUESTIONNAIRE ON THE LEVEL OF DISASTER PREPAREDNESSI. RESPONDENTS PERSONAL visibleness DIRECTION Please assay your appropriate answers honestly. Your response will be of strict confidentiality. 1. Name ____________________________ (optional) 2. sex( ) mannish ( ) Female 3. Age( ) 16-18 years old( ) 22-24 years old ( ) 19-21 years old( ) 25 above 4. Civil Status( ) Single( ) Married II. LEVEL OF DISASTER PREPAREDNESS Direction Please check on the towboat that describes the level of disaster preparedness. Numerical ValueDescriptive Equivalent 5very much prepared 4much prepared 3averagely prepared 2fairly prepared 1not prepared . Natural Disasters 5 4 3 2 1 Climactic Variability (La Nina, El Nino) coastal Erosion Drought Earthquake Flood Landslide Tsunami Typhoon and Tropical Surges Volcanic Eruption Wildfire Dis ease pandemic 2. Man-made Disasters 5 4 3 2 1 Fire Incident Structural feed Hazardous Spills Water Breakdown Food Scarcity Pollution Direction Put a check on the answer you perceived most. 1.Are you aware of the types of emergencies/ hazards that can potentially affect your area? ( ) Yes( ) No( ) peradventure 2. Do you think that your family is relatively well-prepared for a disaster? ( ) Yes( ) No( ) maybe 3. Do you believe that the community you live in is relatively well- prepared for a disaster? ( ) Yes( ) No( ) Maybe 4. Have you discussed disaster preparedness with your family, friends, classmates and neighbors? ( ) Yes( ) No( ) Maybe 5. Do you know how to call for help? ( ) Yes( ) No( ) Maybe 6. Are you aware with the contact number of different governance (police hotline)? ) Yes( ) No( ) Maybe 7. Have you conducted a hazard, impact, and vulnerability assessments? ( ) Yes( ) No( ) Maybe 8. Do you have a Family Disaster contribute Kit? ( ) Yes( ) No( ) Maybe 9. Are you current in First-Aid training (trained in the last 3 years)? ( ) Yes( ) No( ) Maybe 10. Do you participate in any seminars related to Disaster Preparedness? ( ) Yes( ) No( ) Maybe 11. Are you creditworthy in CPR (Cardio-Pulmonary? ( ) Yes( ) No( ) Maybe 12. Do you know how to operate or use the fire fire extinguisher? ( ) Yes( ) No( ) Maybe 13. Do you monitor TV and radio reports? ( ) Yes( ) No( ) Maybe 4. Do you know where your family records are? ( ) Yes( ) No( ) Maybe 15. Do you stay calm and remember what it is that you know and how it is going to get you through the situation youre in? ( ) Yes( ) No( ) Maybe 16. Are you aware where your family will meet outside your home in case of an emergency? ( ) Yes( ) No( ) Maybe 17. Have you practiced an emergency drill in your home or school within the past year? ( ) Yes( ) No( ) Maybe 18. Do you know about disaster plans at your school? ( ) Yes( ) No( ) Maybe 19. Are you aware with the precautionary mea sures in case of disasters? ) Yes( ) No( ) Maybe 20. Some family members have special needs, for example the elderly, mobility impaired or sick. Do you have a plan for making sure these members will be safe during a disaster? ( ) Yes( ) No( ) Maybe 21. Do you have plan for your pets? ( ) Yes( ) No( ) Maybe 22. Do you prepare a recovery plans? ( ) Yes( ) No( ) Maybe 23. Do you secure your important documents and properties? ( ) Yes( ) No( ) Maybe 24. Do you have the mobile application Project NOAH (Nationwide Operational Assessment ofHazards)? ( ) Yes( ) No( ) Maybe III.PROBLEM ENCOUNTERED BY THE RESPONDENTS IN THE DISASTER PREPAREDNESS Direction Please put a check on the space provided for which is you think is the most problem that you encounter in the disaster preparedness. _____ Lack of conducting hazard, impact, and vulnerability assessments _____Lack of appreciation and support to the Disaster Preparedness _____Lack of Disaster Coordinating Council at the local level _____Erron eous disaster reporting and monitoring _____ Difficult to measure the effects _____ Lack of disaster information material _____ Inadequate training in disaster preparedness by key barangay people _____ Lack of facilities ____ Lack of evacuation plans _____ Lack of time to prepare CURRICULUM VITAE RYAN SANCHEZ ORIS 235Barangay Lasip, Lingayen, Pangasinan 09077996587 emailprotected com I. Personal Background Age18 Date of BirthAugust 6, 1994 Place of BirthPangasinan GenderMale Civil StatusSingle NationalityFilipino Height Weight II. Educational Background TertiaryBachelor of Secondary Education (Physical Science) Pangasinan State University Alvear St. Brgy. Poblacion, Lingayen, Pangasinan 2011-present SecondaryLasip National High School Lasip. Lingayen, Pangasinan Salutatorian 2007-2011